6.4 Library Issues: Information Integrity and Preservation

6.4 Library Issues: Information
Integrity and Preservation

Abrams, Stephen L, and Bruce Rosenblum. "XML for E-Journal Archiving." OCLC Systems & Services 19, no. 4 (2003): 155-161.

Adams, Geoffrey. "Partners Go Dutch to Preserve the Minutes of Science." Research Information (September/October 2004). http://www.researchinformation.info/risepoct04archiving.html

Anderson, Rick. "Is the Digital Archive a New Beast Entirely?" Serials Review 26, no. 3 (2000): 50-52.

Anderson, W. L. "Some Challenges and Issues in Managing, and Preserving Access to, Long-Lived Collections of Digital Scientific and Technical Data." Data Science Journal 3 (2004): 191-201. http://journals.eecs.qub.ac.uk/codata/Journal/contents/3_04/3_04pdfs/DS389.pdf

Arms, Caroline R. "Keeping Memory Alive: Practices for Preserving Digital Content at the National Digital Library Program of the Library of Congress." RLG DigiNews 4, no. 3 (2000). http://www.rlg.org/preserv/diginews/diginews4-3.html#feature1

Arms, William Y. "Preservation of Scientific Serials: Three Current Examples." The Journal of Electronic Publishing 5, no. 2 (1999). http://www.press.umich.edu/jep/05-02/arms.html

Aschenbrenner, Andreas. "The Bits and Bites of Data Formats—Stainless Design for Digital Endurance." RLG DigiNews 8, no. 1 (2004). http://www.rlg.org/en/page.php?Page_ID=13201&Printable=1&Article_ID=701

Atkinson, Ross. "Text Mutability and Collection Administration." Library Acquisitions: Practice & Theory 14, no. 4 (1990): 355-358.

Baudoin, Patsy. "Uppity Bits: Coming to Terms with Archiving Dynamic Electronic Journals." The Serials Librarian 43, no. 4 (2003): 63-72.

Beagrie, Neil. "The Continuing Access and Digital Preservation Strategy for the UK Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC)." D-Lib Magazine 10, no. 7/8 (2004). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july04/beagrie/07beagrie.html

________. "The Digital Curation Centre." Learned Publishing 17, no. 1 (2004): 7-9.

________. "The JISC Digital Preservation Focus and the Digital Preservation Coalition." The New Review of Academic Librarianship 6 (2000): 257-267.

________. National Digital Preservation Initiatives: An Overview of Developments in Australia, France, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom and of Related International Activity. Washington, DC: Council on Library and Information Resources and the Library of Congress, 2003. http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub116/pub116.pdf

________. "Preserving UK Digital Library Collections." Program 35 (July 2001): 217-226.

Bearman, David. "Intellectual Property Conservancies." D-Lib Magazine 6 (December 2000). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/december00/bearman/12bearman.html

________. "Reality and Chimeras in the Preservation of Electronic Records." D-Lib Magazine (April 1999). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april99/bearman/04bearman.html

Bearman, David, and Jennifer Trant. "Authenticity of Digital Resources: Towards a Statement of Requirements in the Research Process." D-Lib Magazine (June 1998). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/june98/06bearman.html

Beebe, Linda, and Barbara Meyers. "The Unsettled State of Archiving." The Journal of Electronic Publishing 4, no. 4 (1999). http://www.press.umich.edu/jep/04-04/beebe.html

Bellekom, Chris. "Building Preservation Functionality in a Digital Archive: The National Library of The Netherlands." Learned Publishing 17, no. 4 (2004): 275-280.

Berger, Marilyn. "Digitization for Preservation and Access: A Case Study." Library Hi Tech 17, no. 2 (1999): 146-151.

Berthon, Hilary, Susan Thomas, and Colin Webb. "Safekeeping: A Cooperative Approach to Building a Digital Preservation Resource." D-Lib Magazine 8 (January 2002). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january02/berthon/01berthon.html

Boyce, Peter B. "Who Will Keep the Archives? Wrong Question!" Serials Review 26, no. 3 (2000): 52-55.

Brancolini, Kristine R. "Selecting Research Collections for Digitization: Applying the Harvard Model." Library Trends 48 (Spring 2000):783-798.

Brandt, Larry, Valerie Gregg, and Sue Stendebach. "The National Science Foundation Digital Government Research Program's Role in the Long-Term Preservation of Digital Materials." RLG DigiNews 6, no. 5 (2002). http://www.rlg.org/preserv/diginews/v6_n5_feature2.html

Brichford, Maynard, and William Maher. "Archival Issues in Network Electronic Publications." Library Trends 43 (Spring 1995): 701-712.

Brodie, Nancy. "Authenticity, Preservation and Access in Digital Collections." The New Review of Academic Librarianship 6 (2000): 225-238.

________. "Building a National Electronic Collection for Long-Term Access." The Serials Librarian 34, no. 1/2 (1998): 113-123.

Building a National Strategy for Preservation: Issues in Digital Media Archiving. Washington, DC: Council on Library and Information Resources and Library of Congress, 2002. http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub106/pub106.pdf

Burrows, Toby. "Preserving the Past, Conceptualising the Future: Research Libraries and Digital Preservation." Australian Academic & Research Libraries 31, no. 4 (2000): 142-153.

Butler, Meredith A. "Issues and Challenges of Archiving and Storing Digital Information: Preserving the Past for Future Scholars." Journal of Library Administration 24, no. 4 (1997): 61-79.

Cain, Mark. "Being a Library of Record in a Digital Age." The Journal of Academic Librarianship 29, no. 6 (2003): 405-410.

Caplan, Priscilla. "PREMIS—Preservation Metadata Implementation Strategies Update 1. Implementing Preservation Repositories for Digital Materials: Current Practice and Emerging Trends in the Cultural Heritage Community." RLG DigiNews 8, no. 5 (2004). http://www.rlg.org/en/page.php?Page_ID=20462#article2

Carlson, Scott. "Library of Congress Buys Electronic Archive of Physics Society's Journals." The Chronicle of Higher Education, 2 February 2001, A32.

________. "Stanford Project Will Test an Approach for Preserving Digital Journals." The Chronicle of Higher Education, 10 March 2000, A45.

Chapman, Stephen. "Counting the Costs of Digital Preservation: Is Repository Storage Affordable?" Journal of Digital Information 4, no. 2 (2003). http://jodi.ecs.soton.ac.uk/Articles/v04/i02/Chapman/

Cloonan, Michele Valerie. "The Preservation of Knowledge." Library Trends 41 (Spring 1993): 594-605.

Connertz, Thomas. "Long-Term Archiving of Digital Documents: What Efforts Are Being Made in Germany?" Learned Publishing 16, no. 3 (2003): 207-211.

Conway, Paul. "Yale University Library's Project Open Book: Preliminary Research Findings." D-Lib Magazine (February 1996). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/february96/yale/02conway.html

Crawford, Walt. "Bits Is Bits: Pitfalls in Digital Reformatting." American Libraries 30 (May 1999): 47-49.

Darlington, Jeffrey. "PRONOM—A Practical Online Compendium of File Formats." RLG DigiNews 7, no. 5 (2003). http://www.rlg.org/preserv/diginews/diginews7-5.html#feature2

Day, Michael. "E-Print Services and Long-Term Access to the Record of Scholarly and Scientific Research." Ariadne, no. 28 (2001). http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue28/metadata/

_________. "Online Serials: Preservation Issues." The Serials Librarian 33, no. 3/4 (1998): 199-221.

________. Preservation of Electronic Information: A Bibliography. Bath: UK Office for Library and Information Networking, 1997. http://homes.ukoln.ac.uk/~lismd/preservation.html

Deegan, Marilyn. "Management of the Life Cycle of Digital Library Materials." Liber Quarterly 11, no. 4 (2001): 400-409.

Deken, Jean Marie. "Preserving Digital Libraries: Determining 'What?' before Deciding 'How?.'" Science & Technology Libraries 25, no. 1/2 (2004): 227-241.

DeLoughry, Thomas J. "Panel Urges Saving Digital Data for Posterity." The Chronicle of Higher Education, 8 September 1995, A31.

Dobratz, Susanne, and Heike Neuroth. "nestor: Network of Expertise in Long-Term Storage of Digital Resources—A Digital Preservation Initiative for Germany." D-Lib Magazine 10, no. 4 (2004). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april04/dobratz/04dobratz.html

Duranceau, Ellen Finnie. "Archiving and Perpetual Access for Web-Based Journals: A Look at the Issues and How Five E-Journal Providers Are Addressing Them." Serials Review 24 (Summer 1998): 110-115.

Eastwood, Terry. "Appraising Digital Records for Long-Term Preservation." Data Science Journal 3 (2004): 202-208. http://journals.eecs.qub.ac.uk/codata/Journal/contents/3_04/3_04pdfs/DS387.pdf

Ekman, Richard H. "Can Libraries of Digital Materials Last Forever?" Change 32 (March/April 2000): 22-29.

Flanders, Julia. "Trusting the Electronic Edition." Computers and the Humanities 31, no. 4 (1997): 301-310.

Flecker, Dale. "Digital Archiving: What Is Involved?" EDUCAUSE Review 38, no. 1 (2003): 10-11. http://www.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/erm0316.pdf

________. "Preserving Scholarly E-Journals." D-Lib Magazine 7 (September 2001). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/september01/flecker/09flecker.html

Friedlander, Amy. "The National Digital Information Infrastructure Preservation Program: Expectations, Realities, Choices and Progress to Date." D-Lib Magazine 8 (April 2002). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april02/friedlander/04friedlander.html

Garrett, John R. "Task Force on Archiving of Digital Information." D-Lib Magazine (September 1995). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/september95/09garrett.html

Geller, Marilyn. "Planning for the Digital Archive: The Harvard E-Journal Experience." Serials 14 (November 2001): 287-290.

Gertz, Janet. "Selection for Preservation in the Digital Age." Library Resources & Technical Services 44 (April 2000): 97-104.

Gladney, H. M., and J. L. Bennett. "What Do We Mean by Authentic? What's the Real McCoy?" D-Lib Magazine 9, no. 7/8 (2003). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july03/gladney/07gladney.html

Graham, Peter S. Intellectual Preservation: Electronic Preservation of the Third Kind. Washington, DC: The Commission on Preservation and Access, 1994.

________. "Long-Term Intellectual Preservation." Collection Management 22, no. 3/4 (1998): 81-98.

Graham, Rebecca A. "Evolution of Archiving in the Digital Age." Serials Review 26, no. 3 (2000): 59-62.

Granger, Stewart. "Digital Preservation and Deep Infrastructure." D-Lib Magazine 8 (February 2002). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/february02/granger/02granger.html

________. "Emulation as a Digital Preservation Strategy." D-Lib Magazine 6 (October 2000). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/october00/granger/10granger.html

________. "Metadata and Digital Preservation: A Plea for Cross-Interest Collaboration." Vine, no. 117 (1999): 24-29.

Griepke, Gertraud, Bernd Wegner, and Seyed Hasan. "The Electronic Mathematics Archives Network Initiative (EMANI)." Serials 14 (November 2001): 291-293.

Guthrie, Kevin. "Developing a Digital Preservation Strategy for JSTOR." Interview by Anne R. Kenney and Oya Y. Rieger. RLG DigiNews 4, no. 4 (2000). http://www.rlg.org/preserv/diginews/diginews4-4.html#feature1

Gutmann, M., K. Schürer, D. Donakowski, and Hilary Beedham. "The Selection, Appraisal, and Retention of Social Science Data." Data Science Journal 3 (2004): 209-221. http://journals.eecs.qub.ac.uk/codata/Journal/contents/3_04/3_04pdfs/DS386.pdf

Harada, Hisayoshi. "Digitizing, Archiving, and Preserving Japanese Cultural Heritage." RLG DigiNews 7, no. 2 (2003). http://www.rlg.org/preserv/diginews/v7_n2_feature1.html

Haynes, David, and David Streatfield. "A National Co-ordinating Body for Digital Archiving?" Ariadne, no. 15 (1998).

Hedstrom, Margaret. "Digital Preservation: A Time Bomb for Digital Libraries." Computers and the Humanities 31, no. 3 (1998): 189-202.

Hedstrom, Margaret, and Clifford Lampe. "Emulation vs. Migration: Do Users Care?" RLG DigiNews 5, no. 6 (2001).

Harada, Hisayoshi. "Digitizing, Archiving, and Preserving Japanese Cultural Heritage." RLG DigiNews 7, no. 2 (2003).

Hodge, Gail M. "Best Practices for Digital Archiving: An Information Life Cycle Approach." D-Lib Magazine 6 (January 2000).

Holdsworth, David, and Paul Wheatley. "Emulation, Preservation, and Abstraction." RLG DigiNews 5, no. 4 (2001).

Howell, Alan. "Perfect One Day—Digital the Next: Challenges in Preserving Digital Information." Australian Academic & Research Libraries 31, no. 4 (2000): 121-141.

Hunter, Karen. "Digital Archiving." Serials Review 26, no. 3 (2000): 62-64.

Johnson, Peggy. "Libraries and the Preservation of Electronic Information." Technicalities 17 (June 1997): 8-10.

Jones, Maggie. "E-Journals—What Do You Get for Your Money?" Serials 16, no. 1 (2003): 27-31.

Jones, Margaret. "A Workbook for the Preservation Management of Digital Materials." The New Review of Academic Librarianship 6 (2000): 193-204.

Kahle, Brewster. "Preserving the Internet." Scientific American 276 (March 1997): 82-83.

Kenney, Anne R., and Paul Conway. "From Analog to Digital: Extending the Preservation Tool Kit." Collection Management 22, no. 3/4 (1998): 65-79.

Kenney, Anne R., and Oya Y. Rieger. "Preserving Digital Assets: Cornell's Digital Image Collection Project." First Monday 5, no. 6 (2000).

Keyhani, Andrea. "Creating an Electronic Archive: Who Should Do It and Why?" The Serials Librarian 34, no. 1/2 (1998): 213-224.

Lavoie, Brian F. "Implementing Metadata in Digital Preservation Systems: The PREMIS Activity." D-Lib Magazine 10, no. 4 (2004).

Lavoie, Brian, and Lorcan Dempsey. "Thirteen Ways of Looking at . . . Digital Preservation." D-Lib Magazine 10, no. 7/8 (2004). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july04/lavoie/07lavoie.html

Leggate, Peter, and Mike Hannant. "The Archiving of Online Journals." Learned Publishing 13 (October 2000): 246-250.

Lehmann, Klaus-Dieter. "Making the Transitory Permanent: The Intellectual Heritage in a Digitized World of Knowledge." Daedalus 125, no. 4 (1996): 307-329.

Lor, Peter Johan. "Preserving African Digital Resources: Is There a Role for Repository Libraries?" Library Management 26, no. 1 (2005): 63-72.

Lukesh, Susan S. "E-Mail and Potential Loss to Future Archives and Scholarship or the Dog That Didn't Bark." First Monday 4, no. 9 (1999).

Lynch, Clifford. "Canonicalization: A Fundamental Tool to Facilitate Preservation and Management of Digital Information." D-Lib Magazine 5 (September 1999).

________. "The Integrity of Digital Information: Mechanics and Definitional Issues." Journal of the American Society for Information Science 45 (December 1994): 737-744.

________. "Rethinking the Integrity of the Scholarly Record in the Networked Information Age." Educom Review 29 (March/April 1994): 38-40.

________. "The Role of Digitization in Building Electronic Collections: Economic and Programmatic Choices." Collection Management 22, no. 3/4 (1998): 133-141.

Lynn, M. Stuart. "Digital Preservation and Access: Liberals and Conservatives." Syllabus 8 (November/December 1994): 24-25, 54-56.

McGovern, Nancy Y., Anne R. Kenney, Richard Entlich, William R. Kehoe, and Ellie Buckley. "Virtual Remote Control: Building a Preservation Risk Management Toolbox for Web Resources." D-Lib Magazine 10, no. 4 (2004).

Malinconico, S. Michael. "Digital Preservation Technologies and Hybrid Libraries." Information Services & Use 22, no. 4 (2002): 159-174.

Marcum, Deanna B. "The Preservation of Digital Information." The Journal of Academic Librarianship 22 (November 1966): 451-454.

Marcum, Deanna, and Amy Friedlander. "Keepers of the Crumbling Culture: What Digital Preservation Can Learn from Library History." D-Lib Magazine 9, no. 5 (2003).

Martin, Julia, and David Coleman. "Change the Metaphor: The Archive as an Ecosystem." The Journal of Electronic Publishing 7 (April 2002).

Masanes, Julien. "Towards Continuous Web Archiving: First Results and an Agenda for the Future." D-Lib Magazine 8 (December 2002).

Mellor, Phil. "CAMiLEON: Emulation and BBC Domesday." RLG DigiNews 7, no. 2 (2003).

Michaels, Jan. "Here Today, Gone Tomorrow? Why We Should Preserve Electronic Documents." In Advances in Preservation and Access, vol. 2, ed. Barbra Buckner Higginbotham, 293-307. Medford, NJ: Learned Information, Inc., 1995.

Morris, Sally. "Archiving Electronic Publications: What Are the Problems and Who Should Solve Them?" Serials Review 26, no. 3 (2000): 64-68.

Neavill, Gordon B. "Electronic Publishing, Libraries, and the Survival of Information." Library Resources & Technical Services 28 (January/March 1984): 76-89.

Neavill, Gordon B., and Mary Ann Sheble. "Archiving Electronic Journals." Serials Review 21, no. 4 (1995): 13-21.

Ockerbloom, John Mark. "Archiving and Preserving PDF Files." RLG DigiNews 5, no. 1 (2001).

OCLC/RLG PREMIS Working Group. Implementing Preservation Repositories for Digital Materials: Current Practice and Emerging Trends in the Cultural Heritage Community. Dublin, OH: OCLC Online Computer Library, Inc., 2004. http://www.oclc.org/research/projects/pmwg/surveyreport.pdf

Pace, Andrew K. "Digital Preservation: Everything New Is Old Again." Computers in Libraries 20 (February 2000): 55-58.

Phillips, Margaret E. "The National Library of Australia: Ensuring Long-Term Access to Online Publications." The Journal of Electronic Publishing 4, no. 4 (1999).

Pinfield, Stephen, and Hamish James. "The Digital Preservation of e-Prints." D-Lib Magazine 9, no. 9 (2003).

"Preserving the Digital Archive." Online & CD-ROM Review 19 (October 1995): 289-291.

Rauber, Andreas, Andreas Aschenbrenner, Oliver Witvoet, Robert M. Bruckner, and Max Kaiser. "Uncovering Information Hidden in Web Archives: A Glimpse at Web Analysis Building on Data Warehouses." D-Lib Magazine 8 (December 2002).

Reich, Vicky, and David S. H. Rosenthal. "LOCKSS (Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe)." The New Review of Academic Librarianship 6 (2000): 155-161.

________. "LOCKSS: A Permanent Web Publishing and Access System." D-Lib Magazine 7 (June 2001).

Reich, Victoria A. "Diffused Knowledge Immortalizes Itself: The LOCKSS Program." High Energy Physics Libraries Webzine, no. 7 (2003).

________. "Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe as a Cooperative Archiving Solution for E-Journals." Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship (Fall 2002).

Rosenthal, David S. H., Thomas Lipkis, Thomas S. Robertson, and Seth Morabito. "Transparent Format Migration of Preserved Web Content." D-Lib Magazine 11, no. 1 (2005). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january05/rosenthal/01rosenthal.html

Rosenthal, David S. H., and Vicky Reich. "LOCKSS, A Permanent Web Publishing and Access System: Brief Introduction and Status Report." Serials 14 (November 2001): 239-244.

Ross, Seamus. "The Role of ERPANET in Supporting Digital Curation and Preservation in Europe." D-Lib Magazine 10, no. 7/8 (2004). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july04/ross/07ross.html

Rowe, Richard R. "Holding Moonbeams: The Challenge of Preserving Scientific Knowledge." Serials 14 (November 2001): 251-254.

Russell, Kelly. "CEDARS: Long-Term Access and Usability of Digital Resources." Ariadne, no. 18 (1998).

________. "Digital Preservation and the Cedars Project Experience." The New Review of Academic Librarianship 6 (2000): 139-154.

Russell, Kelly, Ellis Weinberger, and Andy Stone. "Preserving Digital Scholarship: The Future is Now." Learned Publishing 12 (October 1999): 271-280.

Sanett, Shelby. "Toward Developing a Framework of Cost Elements for Preserving Authentic Electronic Records into Perpetuity." College & Research Libraries 63 (September 2002): 388-404.

Selingo, Jeffrey. "A New Archive and Internet Search Engine May Change the Nature of On-Line Research." The Chronicle of Higher Education, 6 March 1998, A27-A28.

Senserini, Alessandro, Robert B. Allen, Gail Hodge, Nikkia Anderson, and Daniel Smith, Jr. "Archiving and Accessing Web Pages: The Goddard Library Web Capture Process." D-Lib Magazine 10, no. 11 (2004). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november04/hodge/11hodge.html

Seville, Catherine, and Ellis Weinberger. "Intellectual Property Rights Lessons from the Cedars Project for Digital Preservation." The New Review of Academic Librarianship 6 (2000): 217-223.

Shenton, Helen. "From Talking to Doing: Digital Preservation at the British Library." The New Review of Academic Librarianship 6 (2000): 163-177.

Smith, Abby. "Digital Preservation: An Individual Responsibility for Communal Scholarship." EDUCAUSE Review 38, no. 3 (2003): 10-11.

Spivey, Catherine. "Online Archiving with the British Library—The Emerald Experience." Serials 15, no. 3 (2002): 211-217.

Stanescu, Andreas. "Assessing the Durability of Formats in a Digital Preservation Environment: The INFORM Methodology." D-Lib Magazine 10, no. 11 (2004). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november04/stanescu/11stanescu.html

Steenbakkers, Johan F. "Digital Archiving: A Necessary Evil or New Opportunity?" Serials Review 30, no. 1 (2004): 29-32.

________. "Permanent Archiving of Electronic Publications." Serials 16, no. 1 (2003): 33-36.

________. "Treasuring the Digital Records of Science: Archiving E-Journals at the Koninklijke Bibliotheek." RLG DigiNews 8, no. 2 (2004).

Task Force on Archiving of Digital Information. Preserving Digital Information. Mountain View, CA: Commission on Preservation and Access and Research Libraries Group.

Tennant, Roy. "Time is Not on Our Side: The Challenge of Preserving Digital Materials." Library Journal, 15 March 1999, 30-31.

Teper, Thomas H., and Beth Kraemer. "Long-Term Retention of Electronic Theses and Dissertations." College & Research Libraries 63 (January 2002): 61-72.

Terry, Ana Arias. "Digital Archiving: A Work in Progress." Against the Grain 13 (June 2001): 28, 30, 32.

van der Werf-Davelaar, Titia. "Long-Term Preservation of Electronic Publications: The NEDLIB Project." D-Lib Magazine 5 (September 1999).

van Nuys, Carol. "The Paradigma Project." RLG DigiNews 7, no. 2 (2003).

Waibel, Gunter. "Like Russian Dolls: Nesting Standards for Digital Preservation." RLG DigiNews 7, no. 3 (2003).

Waters, Donald J. "Choices in Digital Archiving: The American Experience." In The Impact of Electronic Publishing on the Academic Community: An International Workshop Organized by the Academia Europaea and the Wenner-Gren Foundation, ed. I. Butterworth, 133-141. London: Portland Press, 1998.

________. "Transforming Libraries through Digital Preservation." Collection Management 22, no. 3/4 (1998): 99-111.

Webb, Colin. "Saving Digital Heritage—A UNESCO Campaign." RLG DigiNews 7, no. 3 (2003).

________. "Towards a Preserved National Collection of Selected Australian Digital Publications." The New Review of Academic Librarianship 6 (2000): 179-191.

Wiggins, Richard. "Digital Preservation: Paradox & Promise." Library Journal, Net Connect (Spring 2001): 12-15.

Williamson, Andrew. "Awareness of Quality Assurance Procedures in Digital Preservation." Library Review 53, no. 4 (2004): 204-206.